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| News: Iodine Investigation Project Click Here |
Iodine: Exploring The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer
by Lynne Farrow
The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer explores three confluent
events which may partially account for the rising rates of breast
cancer over the past 30 years.
Description of Presentation:
Breast Cancer rates rose from one in 23 to one in seven over the last 30 years.
During this time, the nutrient, iodine, was removed from the food supply and the
the "anti-iodine," toxin, bromide, was introduced widely into many consumer
products. Stealth (unlabeled) bromide exposure from fire-retardants surrounds us
in our daily life to a degree unacceptable in some other countries. The presentation
will first explore how bromide dominance may function as the biochemical
equivalent of global warming as iodine-deficient women reach the age for breast and
other hormone-sensitive cancers.
Next, we will explore how some forms of benign breast disease can represent a
precancerous condition by examining research on iodine and the breast from 1838
to the present. Finally, we will show how at-risk breast patients have used iodine to
improve or reverse fibrocystic breast disease.
PowerPoint Presentation References for Conference Presentations in 2008
NHANES. National Health and Nutrition Survey showed iodine levels have declined 50% in the
US. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. CDC. gov 2000.
Eskin BA., Iodine and Mammary Cancer, Tans NY, Academy of Sciences 1970.
Kurihara M., "Cancer Statistics in the World," Nagoya Univ. Press, Nagoya, pp. 80-81 1984.
Aceves C., et al., Is Iodine a Gatekeeper of the Integrity of the Mammary Gland?, Journal of
Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 2005.
Brownstein D., Iodine. Why You Need It. Why You Can't Live Without It, 2nd Edition, Medical
Alternative Press 2006.
Krouse TB et al., Age-Related Changes Resembling Fibrocystic Disease in Iodine-Blocked Rat
Breasts, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1979
Ghent WR et al., Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast, Can J Surg 1993.
Kessler J, The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine in Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia, The
Breast Journal 2004.
Bezpalov VG et al., Investigation of the Drug "Mamoclam" for the Treatment of Patients with
Fibroadenomatosis of the Breast, Vopr Onkol, 2005.
Hartmann LC et al., Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Breast Cancer, N Engl J Med 2005.
Shah NM et al., Iodoprotein Formation by Rat Mammary Glands During Pregnancy and Early
Postpartum Period, Proc Soc Exp 1986
Venturi S., Is There a Role for Iodine in Breast Disease?, The Breast 2001.
Cann SA., et al., Hypothesis: Iodine, Selenium, and the Development of Breast Cancer, Cancer
Causes control 2000.
Smyth PP., Role of Iodine in Antioxidant Defence in Thyroid and Breast Disease, Biofactors 2003.
Coochi M. et al., A New Hypothesis of Bio-Chemical Cooperation?, Prog Nutr 2000.
Thrall KD., Differences in the Distribution of Iodine and Iodide in the Sprague-Dawley Rats, J
Toxicol Environ Health 1992.
Eskin BA.,et al., Different Tissue Responses for Iodine and Iodide in Rat Thyroid and Mammary
Glands, Biol Trace Elem Res 1995.
Eskin BA. et al., Microarray Characterization of Iodine Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer, p.
379 2006.
Teas J. et al., Dietary Seaweed (Laminaria) and Mammary Carcinogens in Rats, Cancer Res 1984.
Teas, J. et al., Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible Seaweeds,
Thyroid, Volume 14, Number 10, 2004.
Flechas, Jorge, Orthoiodinesupplementation in a Primary Care Practice, http://www.optimox.
com/pics/Iodine/IOD-10/IOD_10.htm
Reid, H.A., The Use of Iodine and Its Compounds in Veterinary Practice, De Grucy and Co., LTD.,
London, circa 1936.
Pandav, C.S., Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and economics, Oxford University
Press, 1997.
Chilean Nitrate Producers Association, Iodine Department, Iodine for Farm Animals,(pamphlet)
October 30th, 1930, London.
Masten, Scott, Gum Guggal and Some of its Steroidal Constituents, National Toxicology Program,
NIESH, NIH, 2005.
Shishodia, S, Guggulsterone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, Biochemical Pharmacology
Volume 74, Issue 1, 30 June 2007.
Jarvis, Norman D., Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Seafoods, University of Washington College of
Fisheries, University of Washington Press, Vol 1, No. 12, November 1928.
Funahashi H. et al., Wakame Seaweed Suppresses the Proliferation of 7,12-Dimethybenz(a)-
Anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats, Jpn J Cancer Res 1999.
Funahashi H. et al., Seaweed Preventing Breast Cancer?, Jpn J Cancer Res 2001.
Funahashi H. et al., Suppressive Effect of Iodine on DMBA-Induced Breast Tumor Growth in the
Rat, J Surg Oncol 1996.
Eskin BA. et al., Identification of Breast Cancer by Differences in Urinary Iodine, Abstract Number
2150, Presentation AACR Conference 2005.
Abraham GE., et al., Evidence that the Administration of Vitamin C Improves a Defective
Cellular Transport Mechanism for Iodine: A Case Report, The Original Internist 2005.
Abraham GE., The Safe and Effective Implementation of Orthoiodosupplementation in Medical
Practice, The Orginal Internist 2004.
Kelly FC. Iodine in medicine and pharmacy since its discovery--1811-1961. Proc R Soc Med 54, 831-
836. 1961.
Eskin, B, et al, Human Breast Uptake of Radioactive Uptake, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harper and
Row, 1974.
Dasgupta,P.K., et al., Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States, Vol 42, No
4, 2008, Environmental Science & Technology.
Gardner, Robert W, and Gardner, Edward W., The Applications of Iodine, 1907.
SEER thyroid cancer statistics and graphs courtesy of the NIH.
Greenpeace and the Iphone: www.greenpeace.org/international/news/iPhone-test-hazardous-toxic-
chemicals151007
Vega-Riveroll L et al., Apoptotic and Antiproliferative Effects of Iodine Supplements on Human Breast
Cancer Tumors, Poster, Thyroid Conference, New York, October 2007
http://www.coconutstudio.com/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20&%20the%20Neanderthals
http://www.tki.org.nz/r/technology/curriculum/rsnz/01ckseaweed_e.php
Dobson, Jerome, The Iodine Factor in Health and Evolution,Geographical Review, Vol 88, 1998.
Fernandez, Renate Lellep, A Simple Matter of Salt: An Ethnography of Nutritional Deficiency in
Spain, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Reid, HA, The Uses of Iodine and its Compounds in Veterinary Medicine, London, circa 1930.
Pandav, C and Rao, R, Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and Economics, Oxford
University Press, 1997.
Jarvis, Norman D.,Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Sea Foods, University of Washington, 1928.
Barkley, RA and Thompson, TG, The Total Iodine and Iodine-iodate Content of Sea Water, Deep Sea
Research Vol 7, Pergamon Press, London, 1960.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954,
London, 1956.
DeLong, Robert, Robbins, Jacob, Condliffe, Peter G., Iodine and the Brain, Plenum Press, NY, 1989.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Iodine in Rocks, Minerals and Soils,
Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954, London, 1956.
Stanbury John B., (ed) The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Cognitive,Behavioral, Neuromotor,
Educative Aspects, Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1993.
Kapdi, Chandrakant C, Wolfe, John N, Breast Cancer: Relationship to Thyroid Supplements for
Hypothyroidism, JAMA, Sept 6, 1976-Vol 236, No. 10.
Meerts, I.A.T.M. et al., In Vito Estrogenicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydroxylated PBDEs,
and Polybrominated Bisphenol A Compounds, Environmental Health Perpecyives, Vol 109, Number
4, April 2001.
Abernathy et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples, Environmental
Health Perspectives, July 1, 2003.
Lichtensteiger, W et al., Developmental Exposure to PBDE 99 and PCB affects estrogen sensitivity of
target genes in rat brain regions and female sexual behavior, Organohalogen Compounds - Volume 66
2004.
Porter, P. Brynberg, Transactions of the American Therapeutics Society, F.A. Davis Co., Phila., 1910
Waring, Edward John, MD, Practical Therapeutics: Considered Chiefly with Reference to the Materia
Medica,Lindsay and Blakeston, Phila., 1874.
Cogswell, Charles, A.B.M.D.,An Experimental Essay on the relative Physiological and Medicinal
Properties of Iodine and its Compounds, Harveian Prize Dissertation for 1837, Medical Review,
Quartely Journal,Practical Medicine and Surgery, Vol 5, Jan-April 1838, London.
Madsen, Travis, Lee, Susan and Olle, Teri, Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and Children's
Health, Editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 2003.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Velicky J et al., The Effect of Bromide on the Ultrastructure of Rat Thyrocytes, Ann Anat 2004.
Pavelka S et al., Bromide Kinetics and Distribution in the Rat. II Distribution of Bromide in the
Body, Biol Trace Res 2000.
Velicky J et al., Long Term Action of Potassium Bromide on the Rat Thyroid Gland, Acta
Histochem 1998.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry 1997.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Malenchenko AF et al., The Content and Distribution of Iodine, Chlorine and Bromide in the
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry, RIA and INAA Analysis, Ann Anat 1997.
www.credocluster.info Issue 6, July 2006
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Hubner K et al., Skin Bromide Content and Bromide Excretion in Bromoderma Tuberosum, Arch
Derm Res 1976.
Bel S et al., Vegetant Bromoderma in an Infant, Pediatric Dermatology 2001.
Cohen A et al., Cherry Angiomas Associated with Exposure to Bromides, Dermatology 2001.
Horowitz BZ et al., Bromism from Excessive Cola Consumption, Clinical Toxicology 1997.
Levin M., Transitory Schizophrenia Produced by Bromide Intoxication, Am J Psychiatry 1946.
www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/pb_paper/mr1018.2chap10.html.
Abraham G., The Combined Measurement of the Four Stable Halides by the Ion-Selective
Electrode Procedure Following Their Chromatographic Separation on a Strong Anion Exchange
Resin: Clinical Application, The Original Internist 2006.
Morizono T et al., The Effects of Cetrimide and Potassium Bromate on the Potassium
IonConcentration in the Inner Ear Fluid of the Guinea Pig, Physiol Bohemoslov 1988.
www.credocluster.info, Issue 6 2006.
www.rtctoc.com/bromate.htm.
She, J, et al., PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and
human breast adipose tissue, Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):697-707
She, J et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in
breast milk from the Pacific Northwest, Chemosphere 67 (2007).
Lunder, Sonya and Sharp, Renee, Tainted Catch, The Environmental Working Group, 2003.
Geter D et al., Kidney Toxicogenomics of Chronic Potassium Bromate Exposure in F334 Male
Rats, EIMS Meta Data Report 2006.
www.wisegeek.com.
www.rtctox.com/bromate.htm.
www.cspinet.org/new/bromide.htm.
www.rtctox.com/bromate.htm.
www.healthy-communications.com/hazards_of_cosmetics_by_carol_barzac95.html.
www.credocluster.info, Issue 6 2006.
www.alibaba.com/catalog/11292709/sodium_bromate_99_5.html.
www.gina.antczak.btinternet.co.uk/CU/CUHOME.htm.
www.healthycar.org/chemicals.bromine.php
www.healthytoys.org/chemicals.other.php
Stiffler, Lisa, PBDes: They are everywhere, they accumulate and they spread,Seattle Post-
Intelligencer, March 28, 2007
Acknowledgements: The research above would not have been possible without the
pioneering work of Guy Abraham, MD, David Brownstein, MD, and Jorge Flechas, MD.
I am indebted to Sally Gould for her tireless research and skillful fact-checking. The
ongoing exploration of iodine would not be possible without the conscientious efforts of
the Grass Roots Iodine Movement pioneers at iodine4health.com, the Yahoo Iodine
Group and Curezone Iodine Forum.
Web page updated May 1, 2008
by Lynne Farrow
The Perfect Storm Theory of Breast Cancer explores three confluent
events which may partially account for the rising rates of breast
cancer over the past 30 years.
- The removal of iodine from the food supply.
- The increasing bombardment of the "anti-iodine toxin," bromide.
- Baby boomers reaching the peak age for hormone-sensitive cancers.
Description of Presentation:
Breast Cancer rates rose from one in 23 to one in seven over the last 30 years.
During this time, the nutrient, iodine, was removed from the food supply and the
the "anti-iodine," toxin, bromide, was introduced widely into many consumer
products. Stealth (unlabeled) bromide exposure from fire-retardants surrounds us
in our daily life to a degree unacceptable in some other countries. The presentation
will first explore how bromide dominance may function as the biochemical
equivalent of global warming as iodine-deficient women reach the age for breast and
other hormone-sensitive cancers.
Next, we will explore how some forms of benign breast disease can represent a
precancerous condition by examining research on iodine and the breast from 1838
to the present. Finally, we will show how at-risk breast patients have used iodine to
improve or reverse fibrocystic breast disease.
PowerPoint Presentation References for Conference Presentations in 2008
NHANES. National Health and Nutrition Survey showed iodine levels have declined 50% in the
US. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. CDC. gov 2000.
Eskin BA., Iodine and Mammary Cancer, Tans NY, Academy of Sciences 1970.
Kurihara M., "Cancer Statistics in the World," Nagoya Univ. Press, Nagoya, pp. 80-81 1984.
Aceves C., et al., Is Iodine a Gatekeeper of the Integrity of the Mammary Gland?, Journal of
Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 2005.
Brownstein D., Iodine. Why You Need It. Why You Can't Live Without It, 2nd Edition, Medical
Alternative Press 2006.
Krouse TB et al., Age-Related Changes Resembling Fibrocystic Disease in Iodine-Blocked Rat
Breasts, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1979
Ghent WR et al., Iodine Replacement in Fibrocystic Disease of the Breast, Can J Surg 1993.
Kessler J, The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine in Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia, The
Breast Journal 2004.
Bezpalov VG et al., Investigation of the Drug "Mamoclam" for the Treatment of Patients with
Fibroadenomatosis of the Breast, Vopr Onkol, 2005.
Hartmann LC et al., Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Breast Cancer, N Engl J Med 2005.
Shah NM et al., Iodoprotein Formation by Rat Mammary Glands During Pregnancy and Early
Postpartum Period, Proc Soc Exp 1986
Venturi S., Is There a Role for Iodine in Breast Disease?, The Breast 2001.
Cann SA., et al., Hypothesis: Iodine, Selenium, and the Development of Breast Cancer, Cancer
Causes control 2000.
Smyth PP., Role of Iodine in Antioxidant Defence in Thyroid and Breast Disease, Biofactors 2003.
Coochi M. et al., A New Hypothesis of Bio-Chemical Cooperation?, Prog Nutr 2000.
Thrall KD., Differences in the Distribution of Iodine and Iodide in the Sprague-Dawley Rats, J
Toxicol Environ Health 1992.
Eskin BA.,et al., Different Tissue Responses for Iodine and Iodide in Rat Thyroid and Mammary
Glands, Biol Trace Elem Res 1995.
Eskin BA. et al., Microarray Characterization of Iodine Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer, p.
379 2006.
Teas J. et al., Dietary Seaweed (Laminaria) and Mammary Carcinogens in Rats, Cancer Res 1984.
Teas, J. et al., Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible Seaweeds,
Thyroid, Volume 14, Number 10, 2004.
Flechas, Jorge, Orthoiodinesupplementation in a Primary Care Practice, http://www.optimox.
com/pics/Iodine/IOD-10/IOD_10.htm
Reid, H.A., The Use of Iodine and Its Compounds in Veterinary Practice, De Grucy and Co., LTD.,
London, circa 1936.
Pandav, C.S., Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and economics, Oxford University
Press, 1997.
Chilean Nitrate Producers Association, Iodine Department, Iodine for Farm Animals,(pamphlet)
October 30th, 1930, London.
Masten, Scott, Gum Guggal and Some of its Steroidal Constituents, National Toxicology Program,
NIESH, NIH, 2005.
Shishodia, S, Guggulsterone inhibits tumor cell proliferation, Biochemical Pharmacology
Volume 74, Issue 1, 30 June 2007.
Jarvis, Norman D., Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Seafoods, University of Washington College of
Fisheries, University of Washington Press, Vol 1, No. 12, November 1928.
Funahashi H. et al., Wakame Seaweed Suppresses the Proliferation of 7,12-Dimethybenz(a)-
Anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats, Jpn J Cancer Res 1999.
Funahashi H. et al., Seaweed Preventing Breast Cancer?, Jpn J Cancer Res 2001.
Funahashi H. et al., Suppressive Effect of Iodine on DMBA-Induced Breast Tumor Growth in the
Rat, J Surg Oncol 1996.
Eskin BA. et al., Identification of Breast Cancer by Differences in Urinary Iodine, Abstract Number
2150, Presentation AACR Conference 2005.
Abraham GE., et al., Evidence that the Administration of Vitamin C Improves a Defective
Cellular Transport Mechanism for Iodine: A Case Report, The Original Internist 2005.
Abraham GE., The Safe and Effective Implementation of Orthoiodosupplementation in Medical
Practice, The Orginal Internist 2004.
Kelly FC. Iodine in medicine and pharmacy since its discovery--1811-1961. Proc R Soc Med 54, 831-
836. 1961.
Eskin, B, et al, Human Breast Uptake of Radioactive Uptake, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harper and
Row, 1974.
Dasgupta,P.K., et al., Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States, Vol 42, No
4, 2008, Environmental Science & Technology.
Gardner, Robert W, and Gardner, Edward W., The Applications of Iodine, 1907.
SEER thyroid cancer statistics and graphs courtesy of the NIH.
Greenpeace and the Iphone: www.greenpeace.org/international/news/iPhone-test-hazardous-toxic-
chemicals151007
Vega-Riveroll L et al., Apoptotic and Antiproliferative Effects of Iodine Supplements on Human Breast
Cancer Tumors, Poster, Thyroid Conference, New York, October 2007
http://www.coconutstudio.com/Iodine.htm#Iodine%20&%20the%20Neanderthals
http://www.tki.org.nz/r/technology/curriculum/rsnz/01ckseaweed_e.php
Dobson, Jerome, The Iodine Factor in Health and Evolution,Geographical Review, Vol 88, 1998.
Fernandez, Renate Lellep, A Simple Matter of Salt: An Ethnography of Nutritional Deficiency in
Spain, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Reid, HA, The Uses of Iodine and its Compounds in Veterinary Medicine, London, circa 1930.
Pandav, C and Rao, R, Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock: Ecology and Economics, Oxford
University Press, 1997.
Jarvis, Norman D.,Iodine Content of Pacific Coast Sea Foods, University of Washington, 1928.
Barkley, RA and Thompson, TG, The Total Iodine and Iodine-iodate Content of Sea Water, Deep Sea
Research Vol 7, Pergamon Press, London, 1960.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954,
London, 1956.
DeLong, Robert, Robbins, Jacob, Condliffe, Peter G., Iodine and the Brain, Plenum Press, NY, 1989.
Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Geochemistry of Iodine: Iodine in Rocks, Minerals and Soils,
Annotated Bibliography 1825-1954, London, 1956.
Stanbury John B., (ed) The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Cognitive,Behavioral, Neuromotor,
Educative Aspects, Cognizant Communication Corporation, 1993.
Kapdi, Chandrakant C, Wolfe, John N, Breast Cancer: Relationship to Thyroid Supplements for
Hypothyroidism, JAMA, Sept 6, 1976-Vol 236, No. 10.
Meerts, I.A.T.M. et al., In Vito Estrogenicity of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hydroxylated PBDEs,
and Polybrominated Bisphenol A Compounds, Environmental Health Perpecyives, Vol 109, Number
4, April 2001.
Abernathy et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples, Environmental
Health Perspectives, July 1, 2003.
Lichtensteiger, W et al., Developmental Exposure to PBDE 99 and PCB affects estrogen sensitivity of
target genes in rat brain regions and female sexual behavior, Organohalogen Compounds - Volume 66
2004.
Porter, P. Brynberg, Transactions of the American Therapeutics Society, F.A. Davis Co., Phila., 1910
Waring, Edward John, MD, Practical Therapeutics: Considered Chiefly with Reference to the Materia
Medica,Lindsay and Blakeston, Phila., 1874.
Cogswell, Charles, A.B.M.D.,An Experimental Essay on the relative Physiological and Medicinal
Properties of Iodine and its Compounds, Harveian Prize Dissertation for 1837, Medical Review,
Quartely Journal,Practical Medicine and Surgery, Vol 5, Jan-April 1838, London.
Madsen, Travis, Lee, Susan and Olle, Teri, Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and Children's
Health, Editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 2003.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Velicky J et al., The Effect of Bromide on the Ultrastructure of Rat Thyrocytes, Ann Anat 2004.
Pavelka S et al., Bromide Kinetics and Distribution in the Rat. II Distribution of Bromide in the
Body, Biol Trace Res 2000.
Velicky J et al., Long Term Action of Potassium Bromide on the Rat Thyroid Gland, Acta
Histochem 1998.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry 1997.
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Malenchenko AF et al., The Content and Distribution of Iodine, Chlorine and Bromide in the
Normal and Pathologically Changed Thyroid Tissue, Med Radiol 1984.
Velicky J et al., Potassium Bromide and the Thyroid Gland of the Rat: Morphology and
Immunochemistry, RIA and INAA Analysis, Ann Anat 1997.
www.credocluster.info Issue 6, July 2006
Vobecky M et al., Interaction of Bromine with Iodine in the Rat Thyroid Gland at Enhanced
Bromide Intake, Biol Trace Elem Res 1996.
Hubner K et al., Skin Bromide Content and Bromide Excretion in Bromoderma Tuberosum, Arch
Derm Res 1976.
Bel S et al., Vegetant Bromoderma in an Infant, Pediatric Dermatology 2001.
Cohen A et al., Cherry Angiomas Associated with Exposure to Bromides, Dermatology 2001.
Horowitz BZ et al., Bromism from Excessive Cola Consumption, Clinical Toxicology 1997.
Levin M., Transitory Schizophrenia Produced by Bromide Intoxication, Am J Psychiatry 1946.
www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/pb_paper/mr1018.2chap10.html.
Abraham G., The Combined Measurement of the Four Stable Halides by the Ion-Selective
Electrode Procedure Following Their Chromatographic Separation on a Strong Anion Exchange
Resin: Clinical Application, The Original Internist 2006.
Morizono T et al., The Effects of Cetrimide and Potassium Bromate on the Potassium
IonConcentration in the Inner Ear Fluid of the Guinea Pig, Physiol Bohemoslov 1988.
www.credocluster.info, Issue 6 2006.
www.rtctoc.com/bromate.htm.
She, J, et al., PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and
human breast adipose tissue, Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):697-707
She, J et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in
breast milk from the Pacific Northwest, Chemosphere 67 (2007).
Lunder, Sonya and Sharp, Renee, Tainted Catch, The Environmental Working Group, 2003.
Geter D et al., Kidney Toxicogenomics of Chronic Potassium Bromate Exposure in F334 Male
Rats, EIMS Meta Data Report 2006.
www.wisegeek.com.
www.rtctox.com/bromate.htm.
www.cspinet.org/new/bromide.htm.
www.rtctox.com/bromate.htm.
www.healthy-communications.com/hazards_of_cosmetics_by_carol_barzac95.html.
www.credocluster.info, Issue 6 2006.
www.alibaba.com/catalog/11292709/sodium_bromate_99_5.html.
www.gina.antczak.btinternet.co.uk/CU/CUHOME.htm.
www.healthycar.org/chemicals.bromine.php
www.healthytoys.org/chemicals.other.php
Stiffler, Lisa, PBDes: They are everywhere, they accumulate and they spread,Seattle Post-
Intelligencer, March 28, 2007
Acknowledgements: The research above would not have been possible without the
pioneering work of Guy Abraham, MD, David Brownstein, MD, and Jorge Flechas, MD.
I am indebted to Sally Gould for her tireless research and skillful fact-checking. The
ongoing exploration of iodine would not be possible without the conscientious efforts of
the Grass Roots Iodine Movement pioneers at iodine4health.com, the Yahoo Iodine
Group and Curezone Iodine Forum.
Web page updated May 1, 2008